Studying on your own comes with certain problems I think all language learners have encountered many times. If you encounter a concept you don’t know how to say in the target language, you have to look it up.
The first natural thing would be to look in a dictionary. If you’re lucky, the dictionary is comprehensive enough to include some examples of how the word is used, but more often than not, it will still not be enough to enable you to use the word in the sentence you’re making. If you use a corpus, it might be possible to find more help, but the examples you find won’t be targeted at language learners and are usually way too difficult for beginner and intermediate learners.
Reaching this stage, most people would ask a teacher or a language exchange friend. However, I think there is one more step you should try before you tax your teachers and friends. It’s not that I don’t think you should rely on people to study, but I think there are more valuable things to discuss with your teacher and native speaker friends. This is what I call language question triage. Furthermore, studying in your home country might entail a serious lack of native speakers to ask (or there might just not be any around when you want an answer to your question). So, what’s this extra step?
Using search engines
I said dictionaries and corpora are limited, so why not use the entire internet? A search engine gives you access vast amounts of written text (you can of course use any search engine you want, but I’m going to use Google as an example here). Here are a few really useful things you can do with Google that most dictionaries can’t help you with.
- Verify word usage
- Compare word usage
- Check grammar patterns
- Learn through pictures
Verifying word usage
As soon as we leave the very basics of a new language, we usually have some idea how to say or write something, although we might not be sure if it’s correct. Sometimes, we know what a word means if translated into our native tongue, but we’re not sure if it can really be used in the context we want to use it in. In this case, using Google will be a great help. simply search for the word you’re looking for and browse through the results and see if any of the matches what you want to say.
If the word is part of a brand name or very common, you might have to skip the first several hundreds of hits, because you don’t want the word to be part of a headline or title, you want it in a sentence. If you think that a sentence requires a certain preposition, search for the relevant part of that sentence (don’t forget quotation marks!). The number of hits will tell you if the extra word is right or wrong.
Example: Let’s say you’ve learnt that you can double some characters to give the the meaning “each” or “every”, so 天天 means every day. But what which words can you really do that with? 年年？日日？Since we don’t want interference from other patterns or names, let’s add a 都 at the end. Google says yes, all are quite common:
天天都： 39 000 000 hits
年年都：133 000 000 hits
月月都：17 000 000 hits
日日都：29 000 000 hits
Comparing word usage
An even more powerful tool is comparison, although this is a bit more limited in scope. If you can’t decide whether alternative A or B is the correct one, use two separate searches and see which version comes out on top. This is probably the method I use the most when writing articles in English, such as this one, but increasingly often in Chinese as well.
Example: Do you have to use 都 in a sentence like 我什么都不知道? Gooogle says yes, probably you should. If you check these results, you will see that the alternative without 都 also have lots of hits, but most of them are obviously not what you’re looking for (such as using commas, quotation marks, etc.)! If you want to express “don’t know anything”, 什么都不知道 is your preferred choice.
什么都不知道：611 000 000
什么不知道：319 000 000
Check grammar patterns
So, you’ve learnt a grammar pattern, but you’re not really sure how it’s used? Do a search for the pattern and see what you find. More often than not, there are plenty of examples telling you how those words are used. Sometimes you’ll be surprised at how seldom textbook patterns are actually used, compared to abbreviated or modified informal ones! Searches like these might give better results using a corpus.
Example: You have seen 之所以… 是因为（因爲）in a book, but you’re not sure how to use it. Check the Google search results and you will know!
Learning through pictures
Using Google to search for pictures of the word you don’t know what it means is quite useful, especially if it’s something fairly concrete, such as a bird, a colour or an object. The dictionary might not have it, but once you see it, you definitely know what it is. This is especially useful if there are no good dictionaries for your native tongue and the target language (this is the case for me, so if I look up something and I’m not sure what the Chinese word means, a quick picture search will usually do the trick). This is extremely useful for food, clothes and animals.
For instance, if you aren’t sure what a 矛 looks like, searching for pictures will give you much quicker and better answers than asking someone about it or reading a definition in a dictionary.
Three words of warning
Using Google instead of asking real people isn’t a panacea. In fact, there are at least three real dangers, which I will talk about briefly now. First, the hits on Google might be completely irrelevant. For instance, the words might be next to each other, but in two different sentences with a full stop in between! This problem can be overcome by checking the hits you’re viewing. Of course, you can’t verify all of them, but you can make quick estimate.
Second, there is no guarantee that the articles you find will be correct, because a lot of people who are posting things on the internet aren’t native speakers (I think what I write is mostly correct, but I’ve probably polluted the internet a bit as well). Of course, native speakers sometimes make mistakes, too. This problem is hard to overcome, but consider using a corpus, even though this isn’t guaranteed to be correct either.
Third, you will find examples how the language is used, which isn’t necessarily the officially correct way and thus might not go down well with your teacher. This problem is language dependent, since some languages might have very strict formal rules which differ a lot from colloquial usage; other languages might not. This problem is very hard to get around, so if it’s really important, real human help is necessary.
Then why?
If there are so many disadvantages with using a search engine to find the answer to your questions, why not ask a friend directly? That’s a good question. The reason I think this method is so useful isn’t because I don’t have friends to ask or because I don’t want to ask them. Rather, it’s because I want to ask them questions that I can’t find out for myself. Most of the time, the problems above are not relevant or can be overcome, and then there is no reason why you should need to ask other people to help you.
Save your friends’ valuable time until you really need it and use a search engine instead!
15 comments
Good tip! I’ve actually used this a lot recently, but just usually use Baidu for this. I’ve found some really useful sentences using this method.
Using something else than Google might be a good idea. To be honest, I haven’t really checked if there is a significant difference between Google and other search engines, I just use Google out of habit. 🙂
“but I’ve probably polluted the internet a bit as well”
Hehe. You have a very entertaining way of expressing yourself sometimes. 🙂
I do use search engines from time to time, but wasn’t aware of all the possibilities. I’ll defenitely give the picture search a try. And while I’m at it: I really enjoy reading your articles. There’s much to gain from your advice, and moreover the articles get me motivated to study some more for the day.
I try to pollute as little as possible and hopefully the positive effects outweigh the negative ones. 🙂 Search engines are indeed quite powerful and can probably be used in more ways than I have discussed here. Also, thanks for your kind words. It’s much easier to keep motivated and write more if I know that people appreciate what I do. 🙂
I totally agree with the “learning through pictures” part! It is so useful now that I am learning Chinese, hanging around through night markets, writing any food-related charachter I see and searching for their picture on Google.
PS: GREAT WEBSITE!
Interestingly indeed, Baidu gives you slightly different color spectrum for 青 than Google – http://goo.gl/C8I5d
Definitely more green in there, but there is blue, too.
Has anyone noticed that when you search 青 on Google image, you get blue for images from Japanese websites and green for images from Chinese websites? I’m surprised that no one mentioned it, because in everyday speech 青 is green in Chinese. (And blue in Japanese).
I’m guessing it’s because the character definitions in most Chinese dictionaries list it as both green and blue (and black):
顏色：(1) 綠色。唐˙劉禹錫˙陋室銘：「草色入簾青。」(2) 藍色。荀子˙勸學：「青取之於藍，而青於藍。」(3) 黑色。如：「玄青」。
As a non-native speaker, my 語感 is not well-developed enough to tell what the “feel” of the character is in everyday use, though.
As a native speaker, we use “青綠” to express green, “青藍” to express blue/cyan. We don’t use “玄青” much in our daily life.
“This is probably the method I use the most when writing articles in English, such as this one.”
Ah-hah! Is that your secret to writing native quality English when you’re not a native speaker, Olle?
I suspect it’s actually the result of your legendary language learning powers.
Praise aside, it is a very good method, and I use it whenever I’m writing in Chinese as well.
Oh, noes, 被發現了！I actually just type in Swedish and then use Google to produce my articles. 🙂 Joking aside, this is a method that works best when you have a hunch of what might be suitable, but you just want to confirm if it’s right or not. That happens to me all the time in English and more and more frequently in Chinese as well. I write a sentence, encounter a tricky part, just feel that something sounds good without actually knowing how the word I just typed is used, then, after looking it up, finding out tat my usage is actually correct. I attribute this to lots of reading and listening.
“`For instance, the words might be next to each other, but in two different sentences with a full stop in between! “`
This problem can be overcome by putting the words in quotation marks. Then Google will only show the results that have the three characters right next to each other!
Great! I wonder if they changed that in recent years, because I’m pretty sure I’ve felt frustrated by this before, but you are indeed right that it does take punctuation into account now. Anyway, thanks for pointing this out!